Obviously, it was difficult for me to judge the merits and demerits of this or that device. Indeed, even a person here is ill and I am lying down. Although it must be said, there were separate cases of looting or intrusions into the zone with the aim of stealing. Yes, a nuclear reactor is like a samovar; much simpler than a heat station. For some reason, many sources state that there was one explosion, or two explosions, or a hydrogen explosion, or a non-hydrogen explosion. I want to stress that out once more: we removed the water just to avoid massive evaporation. This text is for comrade Novikov Vladimir Mikhailovich, Dyomin Vladimir Fyodorovich and Sukhoruchkin Vladimir Konstantinovich. And now it appears that it is impossible to make the rods move that fast after all. As for the RBMK reactor, you know, in reactor circles, it was considered a bad reactor. This was our first thing to worry about, however we were hoping that the large amounts of Boron (40 tons) that was dropped into the reactor would be more or less evenly mixed with the fuel and help prevent critical mass buildup. If, however, the researchers received robots that had good all-terrain travel capability in the most difficult conditions, then their electronics would fail because of the high gamma radiation and they also stopped. [14] At some stage, Legasov experienced face injuries and minor scarring as a result of chemical experimentation. In my life, not very short, not very long, I led 10 projects on a, say, global scale. The journey was gloomy. But my comrades and I agreed to work for a while at one of the nuclear plants to get some practical skills in the field that would later become the subject of our research. Do you understand? All the time, new buildings, new stands and new people were required to do the work, because the number of devices was growing. In Soviet nuclear energy, precisely because of the pace that had to be quite high, because ten years had been lost, this third element, from my point of view, was criminally ignored. Now the investigation, additional investigation is underway and, I think, will probably judge the designers of the RBMK reactorat least they should be judged in my opinionwho made at least three grave mistakes in the design of this reactor. There were also issues with elementary culture. The same thing was done to all surfaces that could produce dust. Undoubtedly, science will address this and things will improve but not by 100 or 150 times. This would perform the same task as the lead in places where it was possible to stabilise the temperature by spending excessive energy on the decay of dolomite components. Since it is a high power channel-type reactor and is assembled from many blocks, it would not fit inside any containment. There was an absolute disregard of the viewpoint of the Chief Designer or the Science Supervisor. Legasov is portrayed by Ade Edmondson in the BBC docudrama Surviving Disaster (2006), by Adam Curtis in his documentary series Pandora's Box (1992), and by Jared Harris in the Sky/HBO miniseries Chernobyl (2019). So you can calculate. After all this study and based upon our conclusion, 2,400 tons of lead were dropped by helicopters, with high precision and great skill. We were of course upset. Whatever I touch - everything is ruined: no one needs anything! Sitting in his home, Valery Legasov, the deputy director of the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, records tapes recounting the true account of what happened at the Chernobyl Nuclear power plant in the Ukraine on the day it exploded. Since we were late by 10 years in the development of nuclear energy, Adamovich: [CLARIFICATION ON FEINBERG'S LAST NAME]. Under the mandatory condition of the most rigorous compliance with all regulations and such. During this time the Operative group was constantly trying to provide maximum protection for the people and judging from possible degrees of contamination decide on a compensation amount that would be necessary for the evacuees. He took the leadership of the construction project in his hands. This is the main thing while the specific details are not so important. He can be a philosopher, historian, an engineer"[5] The school now bears his name, and his bronze bust stands at the entrance. When someone crossed out something, the operator could interpret it as right or wrong and could perform arbitrary actions. Because neither before nor after the high water in spring did the waters of the Dnieper basin contain dangerous levels of contamination that would pose a threat to human health. As proposed by General Damiyanovich, a military centre was quickly established in the area surrounding the ChNPP to ensure that military specialiststhe military units in charge of decontamination, measurement, and any other operations that the army had to dowould not act randomly; by trial and error, but more consciously. Because in the military industry, with a limited number of devices, strict military acceptance at multiple timesmilitary acceptance at the manufacturer, military acceptance during the operationmultiple examinations, staff retraining, etc And when you suddenly, with the same device, enter the domestic infrastructure where there is nothing similarno simulators, no training systems, no training systems at all, not to mention the training systems for emergencies. And because this maximally-safe reactor and maximally-safe operation are not always a 100-per cent safe, then the philosophy of safety requires mandatory implementation of the third elementthe element that presumes that an accident will happen; and that radioactivity and other dangerous material will get out of the device. Because originally the plan was to build a dome made entirely of concrete over the wreckage. Because waiting for it to arrive would mean that we would have to stabilize the temperature on a much higher level when we wanted to do that on a lower level. Adamovich: Another thing is that Sakharov came [Unclear]. But what caused the good spirits was the way the people had been working; how quickly they responded to our requests, how quickly various engineering scenarios were evaluated. So, I heard his first call When I worked with Shcherbina, I never heard him speaking to Gorbachev. He wrote a doctoral dissertation and later published a book at approximately that time, in which he proved the impossibility of having nuclear stations without containments, no matter the type, VVER or RBMK; that it was dangerous and criminal. The probability increases day by day because of again, those devices without containment. Had the philosophy of safety been correct, then our experts would have, without a doubt, found technical solutions conforming to this philosophy. Valery Alekseyevich Legasov was born on September 1, 1936, in Tula, Russian SFSR, into a family of civil workers. Therefore, the fewer nuclear power plants and the more coal and oil ones we have, the higher the radioactive pollution will be under normal circumstances. David R. Marples has suggested the adversity of the Chernobyl disaster on his psychological state was the factor leading to his decision to take his own life[6] and that Legasov had become bitterly disillusioned with the failure of the authorities to confront the design flaws. This is how his own subordinates, brought up for years with such an ideology in that Ministry, could kick out their own superior. [28] He was very disappointed that he was the only member of his Chernobyl team that did not receive the award "hero of socialist labor". This was a difficult task which was fulfilled heroically by the station personnel. The first assumption was that it is the internal contamination of the building. Perhaps I was too generous with the details, but I did explain why this accident had occurred. And then the Atommash factory was specially built to make cases for such reactors. The second consequence of the delay in the development of nuclear energy was the fact that there were insufficient production capacities for, say, VVER reactor shells. Because the questions of safety in nuclear energy are the most acute in various spheres of international public opinion, I was interested in comparing the real dangers, the real threats that nuclear energy carries to the threats of other energy systems. Legasov was the one who pushed for honesty and evacuation of the town of Pripyat, at a time Soviet officials were trying to cover up the causes of the disaster. Legasov: In total in the reactor? This, as it seems to me, should be recorded because it would be foolish to say that everything is already fully apparent to us, fully clear. But the operational staff there is considerably smaller than in our stations. We need to pay a Russian translator to translate the tapes to English. All this is what I say [will happen] unless the necessary measures are taken. We received many telegrams from abroad, by the way. And Pripyat appeared, at the time of the explosion, it appeared to be clean. It appeared that within those powerful gamma radiation fields, the neutron channel of the measuring device wasnt working, because it was affected by the powerful gamma rays, causing errors. The meeting usually began with General Pekalovs report presenting the radiation conditions within the station and the surrounding areas. Valery Legasov didn't have problems with the government. For example, robots made at the Kurchatov Institute of Nuclear Energy. The medics objected. But my participation in the events at Chernobyl was certainly justified because there was no reactor anymore, just its remnants which is my direct speciality. And subsequently, from September onwards, all the work on the site of the Chernobyl station and within the contaminated zone was the responsibility of the Government Commission. Legasov: Then they were destroyed, of course. He had to leave the institute. Nothing got farther than 12 kilometres from the station. The medics did not sign the protocol. But I get only 180 and for me, a bonus of 100 roubles is important. This wasnt a leader that led us, it was a leader that was just making ends meet, getting money, sending information up to the levels above, sending people to launches or acceptances. Valery Legasov was a Soviet chemist who investigated what caused the Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster on April 26, 1986. It is hard for me to say what is going on there. Then the cows ate the grass with Iodine. Moreover, the designer to this day If the designers of the RBMK reactor or my colleagues from my own institute heard me now, they would tear me to pieces because they think that I dont understand the philosophy of safety. Shcherbina assigned the duties. By this time General Ivanov had arrived; he would lead the civil defence group of that region and he had to organize preparatory measures for possible evacuation of civilians and for firsthand decontamination work. That was accurate TASS information but along with it were many journalistic articles about specific battles, about specific people, about heroes at the home front, etc. All this taken together was very unpleasant, and at the same time, hardly unique or specific to the nuclear energy industry alone. [7] However, news of progress made by Neil Bartlett in Canada caused Legasov to switch his interest to noble gas chemistry. In the field of reactors, my attention was drawn to the high-temperature-helium-cooled reactor, molten salt reactor, because I had not seen anything similar. Probably, there were a few thousand suits, civilian, hanging on trees. Supposing, for a moment, that we take a Politburo decision to shut down nuclear energy; we stop the presently-operating nuclear power stations and do not build new ones; then immediately, straightaway, as a result of this, the level of radioactive contamination of our territory and our people would increase incredibly. The 1st and 2nd blocks continued to work despite their internal rooms having a relatively high level of contamination which was in the tens or even hundreds of milliroentgens per hour. But coming back to Pripyat As I said, on the 26th of April, at 11 pm, it was decided that the people will be evacuated the next day. These decisions determined the entire order of organisational work for the rest of the period. It is now sometimes said that many of those firemen received needlessly high radiation doses, because they were stationed in various places to monitor the situation and prevent the appearance of new fires. And people understand that they are dangerous. While constructing the sarcophagus (it is still under construction), we solved the problem of how to close the gaps. It was a very difficult task because the semiconductors used in these thermal cameras were heavily affected by the powerful gamma radiation that hit them, skewing the results drastically. Legasov: Yes, two or three times we went by these suits. But there was a nagging sense of anxiety. Then gave us milk when they were milked later. Inside the crater, glowing spots of intense crimson were visible; it is difficult to say unequivocally what caused that glow. The heating up could continue and some vertical movement of this fuel mass may occur. You approach the gates of the Skazochniy Pioneer Camp. Concurrently with the preparation for the launch of the 1st and 2nd blocks, and with performing the launch operations, work was underway on the construction of the sarcophagus. And didnt go near that Three Mile Island station for three years. Fewer young people joined. This third element was requested by the Finns. The visible light, reflected in the sky, was the glow of hot graphite - that is how powerful it was. Legasov: Well, the decision has already been made, an emotional one, so to say. And for the shift workers that had to work in the 1st and 2nd blocks, a very nice village was constructed with all the needed amenities: with houses, with shops, with cultural facilities. Because once we were 10-years late, then before anything, the question arose A line of cased reactors was developed in the world, similar to our water-water energy reactors VVER; like the one that had to be built near Minsk but will not be built now. For example, Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina, as I remember, made such trips almost every month to monitor how the construction of Slavutych is progressing, how equipping is moving along, how facilities are being outfitted. [7] Legasov received many telegrams from around the world containing advice ranging from benevolent to provocative. It seemed new to me, although not entirely new because both of them had already been tried by the Americans. And these werent just personal impressions. Thats why more staff is needed to operate our stations, there are many poor devices, many imprecisions in the operating systems that service the station. Because it has three elements: a maximally reliable device, a maximally reliable staff, and putting all this underground with maximum reliability, in a rock, under a containment. But my colleagues and I were faced with the task of what to do next? Common sense would suggest that all these cases had to be simulated before the experiment, be it this particular one or any other. His last name was Bryukhanov, the director of the station. [1], In August 1986, he presented the report of the Soviet delegation at the special meeting of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. And this issue turned out to be principle. So contaminated it was that he personally smashed it to pieces with a hammer. Adamovich: But these hazardous [Unclear]. But it turned out that the materials needed were not there, or the material scientists didnt want to, or could not, make them. They were required to test the materials and create a report, and only after that they could be given to the Army to use on a large scale. And it was such an unforgettable scene as one drove up to Skazochniy. However, there were some issues. As far as I can imagine, but this is within my ability, Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, I spoke with him three times. It must be added, however, that a number of challenges with this reactor were solved very well. The second proposal, conversely, was to burn this entire forest down and even experiments were carried out on burning parts of this contaminated forest. Sidorenko and I, when we had moved to Chernobyl after spending a week in Pripyat, went to a shopwe were supposed to be the expertsto buy ourselves at least something, new underpants, undershirts, shirts. All people responsible for the various operations would be invited. This left a rather wretched impression. There was nothing. That's probably what happened. It needs mentioning that when the work became organized like this, when the effort was distributed across various institutions and supervisors, then, of course, there was much more order and clarity than in the first days when all the emergency problems were solved but not all work had gone smoothly. Because the Pripyat river by itself formed a considerable water basin, but even more - it was flowing into the Dnieper river. They rushed to their cars to evacuate themselves and, in the process, 17 people died in cars. All service providers, for example the firefighters, were also in constant contact with their Moscow counterparts. Nothing else bothered him. After creating the first nuclear facility, we then slowed down the development of the technology of their creation, the consideration of all the safety issues related to the operation of these devices, and later we started to rush. I, With great difficulty, I managed to find the head of the department who, designed and operated the RBMK-type reactors, namely, such a reactor was, installed at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, - Alexander K. KALUGIN, who. And then stopped the development of nuclear energy. The work of the Government Commission (GC) during the first days was as follows. Legasov: Explosives. Preferably information obtained from multiple sources and there were cases when the military had provided information that was different from what the civil services had given. After the meeting, I went to the office of B.E.Scherbina and asked whether this request was also addressed to me, or should I stay here in Moscow with the other GC to continue my current work? Because such a belief prevailed that we have enough Donbass coal and that we dont need to develop nuclear energy. Thats why with Ivan Stepanovich Silaev, who by this time had replaced Scherbina, we decided to: first, get some information about the levels of water in the lower barboteur. However, in whispers, all the operators, all the engineers and experts were saying that this reactor is very difficult to control. [22], On 2 May, he and other commission members reported to visiting high-ranking officials that this was no ordinary industrial accident but would require a significant containment effort, as well as a review of the future of the other reactors. The dams were designed and built immediately but this was also accompanied by research work. So that there is an understanding. Evening road was. Having done that, they closed the entire thing and for three years, no one even went near the station. [7] Legasov developed a plan to extinguish the reactor fire using nitrogen gas pumped throughout the plant's pipe network but the pipes were too badly damaged to be effective. Except for the station workers, and some workers that were needed to operate public services. But when it comes to the design of a [particular] aircraft, it must have a single owner. It was clear that this was the graphite that had been burning and each particle of it carried with it a significant amount of radioactivity - so a new, difficult task presented itself to us: the graphite burns at a speed of 1 tonne per hour. I was particularly disappointed after I visited several western stations. And a good reactor specialist was one who had mastered the design of a particular reactor, who could ably calculate, say, the zone, who knew all the accidents that happen at a station, who could come to any facility and assist in its physical and organisatorial launch, quickly figure out what was happening there, and report to the management of the institute or the Ministry. A considerable number of staff members was injured. [7] From 1983 until his death, he worked as chair of the department of Radiochemistry and Chemical Technology at the Faculty of Chemistry at Moscow State University. But within 25 - 75 biological roentgens, the decision to evacuate lied with the local authorities. I fought against this project from May; an absolutely useless project. [5] Malicious rumors began to be circulated such as the accusation of being an alcoholic, over-ambitious or to blame for the Chernobyl disaster. However, he, together with Anatoly Petrovich, fought for quality once they lost with the containments. Various parts of fuel assemblies were visible. All the troubles will be restricted to the area. Starting from the entrance to the station, its external signage, personnel training. But what did they boil down to? All this must be described. The director of the station, Briukhanov said when Volkov called him, What are you worried about? Thats why in the end, the most reliable method was to use radio-controlled bulldozers or just simple scraper bulldozers, our ordinary vehicles, cabins of which were reliably covered with lead to protect the driver. Boris Yevdokimovich probably made a mistake but it is hard to say. [1] Bencana Chernobyl [ sunting | sunting sumber] Because people think they are doing a good thing by increasing the reliability of the device. This was the magnitude of doses that we measured with our devices. One such unfortunate case was when some groups of soldiers had only a single dosimeter carried by their commander, who would estimate the [radiation] dose received by each soldier. I must say that this work was not safe because the pilot had to hover above the reactor, drop a considerably large load, and then leave quickly so as to not get an excessive dose of radiation and most importantly, drop exactly on target. He was very angry with, say, Makuhin, the First Deputy Minister of Energy and Electrification, who, it seemed to him, was working slowly; and he even made a quick decision to fire him. I remembered that experts from my own institute were already used to what was happening during the construction of the nuclear power plants. And a large army [of journalists] appeared there. So this episode of installing the needle was described very elaborately and very, so to say, extensively. The first, the most powerful emission was the one that threw millions of curies of radioactivity in the form of noble gases and iodine at high altitude. This confusion was seen even in small things. Building one case takes 2-3 years. He did say that about one of the reactors, the AST, a nuclear power plant of an entirely different type, which really is the safest of all that exist in the world today; about that he said that it can be put even in Red Square. But what was my reasoning? My first candidate thesis was proposed to me, to tackle the problem of such a gas phase reactor that would contain gaseous uranium hexachloride as fuel and such problems, namely the problem of interaction at high temperatures of uranium hexachloride with construction materials. Since when has this mistake begun to be corrected? var sc_project=11574782; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_security="3ab3cc38"; an EPUB file of the text that is suitable for ereaders. [They made him retire.]. There werent any radio-controlled aircraft equipped with dosimetric devices. The monstrosity of the mistakes lies in the philosophy of safety. This, roughly, is the structure according to which all the material should be prepared. For example, at the meeting on the 14th of June, Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov said in his speech that this disaster did not seem accidental to him; that nuclear energy with a degree of inevitability was heading towards such a tragic event. This design had to be done concurrently at the site and in the different design organizations located in cities across the Soviet Union, mainly in Moscow and Leningrad. But this talk of the reactor smouldering, emitting radioactivity in considerable amounts, were so strong that orders were given to manufacture various types of covers for it. The entire group of the first Government commission departed, but Scherbina asked me and comrade Sidorenko to stay back for a while to finish the work. But also with some reliable design It requires that if you have some kind of emergency protection system which stops, say, a car, a train or something else, then you must have at least two protection systems. Well, actively aid Anatoly Petrovich in the management of the institute, considering his occupation at the Academy of Sciencesplanning the work of the institute, the regime of its work. It had already been decided to assign the construction of the sarcophagus to SU 605, a department in the Ministry of Medium Machine Building; and that a thorough assessment of the internal condition of reactor number 4 had to be carried out, of the structural soundness of its remaining building, so that the project could rely on some analysis, on some verified data. I suppose what I am saying is that the institute, for the first time, managed to assemble a group of experts who looked at nuclear energy as a system, all elements of which should be equally efficient, equally safe and reliable; and depending on the size of one or the other element in the system, the quality of the entire nuclear energy system should be more or less optimum. And so a generation of engineers came up who were very competent, but not critical of the devices themselves, not critical of all the systems that were ensuring their safety; but mainly knew the systems and required an increase in their numbers. 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